Ch. 1 Learning Targets Understand the importance of safety in a biology classroom Collect data and present that data graphically in a meaningful way Explain the following terms and relate them to one another: independent, dependent, control Design and perform an experiment using a scientific method List the characteristics used to define living organisms and give examples of each Explain how a hypothesis eventually can become a theory, and give an example
	Ch. 2 Learning Targets Identify biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem and analyze the relationships among them Construct a food web complete with energy flow Describe positive, negative, and neutral species interactions Explain the role of producers and the various types of consumers in an ecosystem Understand how biomass, numbers, and energy flow through food chains Explain how energy and chemical elements pass through ecosystems
	Ch. 3 Learning Targets Explain & graph the zones and limits of tolerance Explain the process of ecological succession and describe the communities that result. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession. Explain how ecosystems change in response to disturbances and interactions. Identify a variety of biomes and describe why they occur in different places. Explain the concept of carrying capacity. Describe the growth of populations, including exponential and logistic growth. Apply principles of conservation biology to protect biodiversity in an ecosystem.
	Ch. 6 Learning Targets Identify subatomic particles and describe how they are arranged in atoms. Describe the differences between ions, atoms, isotopes, and isomers. Use a Periodic Table and apply the Octet Rule to create electron configuration diagrams. Describe and compare the three types of bonding between atoms to form molecules/compounds. Apply the fundamental principles of the pH scale and the role of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. Define and explain the unique properties of water that are essential to living organisms. Perform an experiment to help demonstrate the properties of cohesion and adhesion. Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds. Describe the general structure, functions, subunits, and examples for each of the four types of macromolecules. Create models to show the arrangements of these molecules. Understand the process of dehydration synthesis.
	Ch. 7 Learning Targets Recite the cell theory and identify scientists that led to its creation Describe the makeup of the cell membrane and explain how it maintains homeostasis and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell Analyze the similarities and differences among eukaryotic versus prokaryotic cells, and plant versus animal cells Describe the functions of all major cell organelles (including nucleus, nucleolus, ER, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, mitochondria, microtubules, microfilaments, lysosomes, centrioles, chloroplasts, cilia, flagella, cell wall, and cell membrane) Illustrate how all cell organelles work together by describing the step-by-step process of the formation of a protein to its exportation from the cell
	Microscope Learning Targets Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope. Calculate the total magnification of an optical system Safely use laboratory equipment and techniques when conducting scientific investigations. Know the names of all microscope parts and how to use them. Demonstrate that you can focus an object on low, medium and high power using the compound light microscope. Demonstrate how to make a wet mount and explain when water or staining is needed.
	Ch. 8 Learning Targets Explain how the cell membrane maintains homeostasis and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Describe and contrast the two main types of cell transport. Discuss specific examples of cell transport, such as: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and bulk transport. Relate solute concentrations of a cell to the three types of osmotic solutions. Create diagrams to show the net movement of water and changes in cell size. Explain why cells stay small Describe the phases of the cell cycle and contrast cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Illustrate the structure and make up of chromosomes and explain chromosome numbers in human cells (haploid vs. diploid). Identify the phases of mitosis and arrange them in order, then label all cell structures involved. Compare and contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. Describe cancer cell characteristics and contrast the two main types of tumors. List causes for cancer and explain how cancer develops and spreads.
	Ch. 9 Learning Targets Classify and explain the different forms of energy. Explain how cells store energy temporarily as ATP. Explain how photosynthetic organisms perform the processes of photosynthesis. Draw and label the structure of a chloroplast, including important plant pigments. Describe the reactants, products, and processes of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. Explain the processes of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, and trace their paths through the various cell parts. Compare the reactants and products for each type of cellular respiration, explain when each type of respiration occurs, and account for differences in ATP production.
	Ch. 10 Learning Targets Explain and demonstrate how the laws of genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel are important to heredity. Describe how traits are inherited and use Punnett Squares to demonstrate it; Use both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to solve genetics problems. Determine both phenotypic & genotypic ratios of offspring Define and use genetics vocabulary to understand and solve genetics problems: allele, chromosomes, dominant and recessive, gametes, gene, genotype and phenotype, heredity, homozygous and heterozygous, and test cross Describe meiosis as the process of sexual cell reproduction and explain how it reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Define the diploid and haploid number, give examples, and relate both to the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Differentiate between homologous pairs, sister chromatids, bivalents, and a tetrad. Illustrate and describe the significant events & structures in the phases of Meiosis I & II. Explain crossing over & how it results in genetic differences in the gametes. Describe the processes and results of independent assortment and (non)disjunction. Describe how gametogenesis is different for males and females and describe the products of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
	Ch. 11 Learning Targets Describe the experiments and scientists who determined the structure of DNA: Griffith | Hershey and Chase | Chargaff | Pauling, Wilkins, and Franklin | Watson and Crick Describe the basic structure and function of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins. Describe the central dogma of molecular biology in terms of replication, transcription, and translation. Use mRNA codon charts to: determine amino acid sequences and determine the effects of different types of mutations on amino acid sequence and protein structure Describe types of DNA mutations and their effects on cells: point, frameshift, duplication, deletion, inversion, and translocation
	Ch. 12 Learning Targets Construct and interpret pedigree charts. Infer parental genotypes/phenotypes as well as phenotypic and genotypic ratios of offspring Explain sex-linked patterns of inheritance and complete Punnett Squares*. Explain male and female sex chromosomes, as well as sex chromosome abnormalities/diseases Define and use the following genetics vocabulary to understand and solve genetics problems: Carrier, Incomplete dominance *, Codominance *, Multiple Alleles *, Blood Typing *, Polygenic Traits, Monosomy/Trisomy, Karyotype, and Prenatal testing             * = also be able to do punnett squares
	Ch. 14 Learning Targets Compare the different types of rocks and fossils. Explain how they can be dated and used as evidence for evolution. Describe the Geologic Time Scale and how life forms have changed throughout several billion years of the earth's history. Describe the scientists and experiments who helped falsify the hypothesis of spontaneous generation and/or provided ideas for the origin of life: Redi, Pasteur, Miller and Urey, Fox Describe the evolution of a cell. Differentiate among chemical evolution, organic evolution, and the evolutionary steps along the way to aerobic heterotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs.

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